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An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 854-859 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0729-0

摘要： Nuclear reactor safety (NRS) and the branch accident analysis (AA) constitute proven technologies: these are based on, among the other things, long lasting research and operational experience in the area of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR). Large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) has been, so far, the orienting scenario within AA and a basis for the design of reactors. An incomplete vision for those technologies during the last few years is as follows: Progress in fundamentals was stagnant, namely in those countries where the WCNR were designed. Weaknesses became evident, noticeably in relation to nuclear fuel under high burn-up. Best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) techniques were perfected and available for application. Electronic and informatics systems were in extensive use and their impact in case of accident becomes more and more un-checked (however, quite irrelevant in case of LBLOCA). The time delay between technological discoveries and applications was becoming longer. The present paper deals with the LBLOCA that is inserted into the above context. Key conclusion is that regulations need suitable modification, rather than lowering the importance and the role of LBLOCA. Moreover, strengths of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and containment need a tight link.

关键词： large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) nuclear reactor safety (NRS) licensing perspectives basis for design of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR)

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Experimental study of critical flow of water at supercritical pressure

Yuzhou CHEN, Chunsheng YANG, Shuming ZHANG, Minfu ZHAO, Kaiwen DU, Xu CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 175-180 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0029-6

摘要： Experimental studies of the critical flow of water were conducted under steady-state conditions with a nozzle 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length, covering the inlet pressure range of 22.1-26.8 MPa and inlet temperature range of 38-474°C. The parametric trend of the flow rate was investigated, and the experimental data were compared with the predictions of the homogeneous equilibrium model, the Bernoulli correlation, and the models used in the reactor safety analysis code RELAP5/MOD3.3. It is concluded that in the near or beyond pseudo-critical region, thermal-dynamic equilibrium is dominant, and at a lower temperature, choking does not occur. The onset of the choking condition is not predicted reasonably by the RELAP5 code.

关键词： critical flow supercritical water-cooled reactor(SCWR) reactor safety loss of coolant accident(LOCA)

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Oxidation performance of graphite material in reactors

LUO Xiaowei, YU Xinli, YU Suyuan

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 471-474 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0074-6

摘要： Graphite is used as a structural material and moderator for high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR). When a reactor is in operation, graphite oxidation influences the safety and operation of the reactor because of the impurities in the coolant and/or the accident conditions, such as water ingress and air ingress. In this paper, the graphite oxidation process is introduced, factors influencing graphite oxidation are analyzed and discussed, and some new directions for further study are pointed out.

关键词： ingress accident oxidation coolant moderator

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Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 810-831 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0760-1

摘要： China’s accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) development has made significant progress during the past decade. With the successful construction and operation of the international prototype of ADS superconducting proton linac, the lead-based critical/subcritical zero-power facility VENUS-II and the comprehensive thermal-hydraulic and material test facilities for LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant, China is playing a pivotal role in advanced steady-state operations toward the next step, the ADS project. The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the next facility for China’s ADS program, aimed to bridge the gaps between the ADS experiment and the LBE cooled subcritical reactor. The total power of the CiADS will reach 10 MW. The CiADS engineering design was approved by Chinese government in 2018. Since then, the CiADS project has been fully transferred to the construction application stage. The subcritical reactor is an important part of the whole CiADS project. Currently, a pool-type LBE cooled fast reactor is chosen as the subcritical reactor of the CiADS. Physical and thermal experiments and software development for LBE coolant were conducted simultaneously to support the design and construction of the CiADS LBE-cooled subcritical reactor. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the efforts made in China in the LBE-cooled fast reactor to provide certain supporting data and reference solutions for further design and development for ADS. Thus, the roadmap of China’s ADS, the development process of the CiADS, the important design of the current CiADS subcritical reactor, and the efforts to build the LBE-cooled fast reactor are presented.

关键词： LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant reactor China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) project research progress

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大孔径光纤过渡器中光波特性分析

王云明,孙小菡,张明德

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第10期页码 52-56

摘要：

提出了基于束传输法（BPM）的大孔径光纤锥形过渡器理论分析模型。讨论了过渡器在纵向边界线性和非线性情况下（包括类似正弦型和余弦型变化），分别以大小端作为输入端口，耦合角度以及耦合长度对过渡器的损耗和耦合效率的影响，得出了过渡器最佳纵向边界、耦合角度和耦合长度。

关键词：束传输法（BPM）大孔径光纤锥形过渡器插入损耗

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盾构进出洞全方位风险控制冻结加固技术

嵇彭

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第2期页码 90-95

摘要：

在含水复杂的地质条件下采用水平冻结法进行盾构进出洞施工，可以通过延长（加深）水平冻结外圈冻结深度，使冻结加固体全方位包裹并超过盾构机本体，利用外圈冻结孔的维护冻结，将盾构推进过程中形成的微小流水通道中的泥土冻结成为冻土，封闭流水通道，较为有效地防止了流水、涌砂现象的发生。利用长距离水平钻孔防喷接驳器，简单方便地解决了在已施工完毕的端头井内长距离钻孔的难题。工程实践证明，全方位风险控制冻结加固技术在复杂地质条件下盾构进出洞施工中，简单易行，安全可靠，值得推广应用。

关键词：复杂地质条件盾构进出洞全方位风险控制冻结加固

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Fate of microplastics in a coastal wastewater treatment plant: Microfibers could partially break through

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1517-0

摘要：

• Fate of microplastics in integrated membrane system for water reuse was investigated.

关键词： Water reclamation Integrated membrane system Microplastics Removal Coastal zone

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Liquid metal as energy transportation medium or coolant under harsh environment with temperature below

Yunxia GAO, Lei WANG, Haiyan LI, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 49-61 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0285-3

摘要： The current highly integrated electronics and energy systems are raising a growing demand for more sophisticated thermal management in harsh environments such as in space or some other cryogenic environment. Recently, it was found that room temperature liquid metals (RTLM) such as gallium or its alloys could significantly reduce the electronics temperature compared with the conventional coolant, like water, oil or more organic fluid. However, most of the works were focused on RTLM which may subject to freeze under low temperature. So far, a systematic interpretation on the preparation and thermal properties of liquid metals under low temperature (here defined as lower than 0°C) has not yet been available and related applications in cryogenic field have been scarce. In this paper, to promote the research along this important direction and to overcome the deficiency of RTLM, a comprehensive evaluation was proposed on the concept of liquid metal with a low melting point below zero centigrade, such as mercury, alkali metal and more additional alloy candidates. With many unique virtues, such liquid metal coolants are expected to open a new technical frontier for heat transfer enhancement, especially in low temperature engineering. Some innovative ways for making low melting temperature liquid metal were outlined to provide a clear theoretical guideline and perform further experiments to discover new materials. Further, a few promising applied situations where low melting temperature liquid metals could play irreplaceable roles were detailed. Finally, some main factors for optimization of low temperature coolant were summarized. Overall, with their evident merits to meet various critical requirements in modern advanced energy and power industries, liquid metals with a low melting temperature below zero centigrade are expected to be the next-generation high-performance heat transfer medium in thermal managements, especially in harsh environment in space.

关键词： liquid metal cryogenics low melting point thermal management aircraft liquid cooling space exploration

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Analysis of a 1 kW organic Rankine cycle using a scroll expander for engine coolant and exhaust heat

Yiji LU, Anthony Paul ROSKILLY, Long JIANG, Longfei CHEN, Xiaoli YU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 527-534 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0516-0

摘要： The development of engine waste heat recovery technologies attracts ever increasing interests due to the rising strict policy requirements and environmental concerns. This paper presented the study of engine coolant and exhaust heat recovery using organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Eight working fluids were selected to evaluate and compare the performance of the integrated waste heat recovery system. Rather than the conventional engine ORC system mainly focusing on the utilization of exhaust energy, this work proposed to fully use the engine coolant energy by changing the designed parameters of the ORC system. The case study selected a small engine as the heat source to drive the ORC system using a scroll expander for power production. The evaluation results suggest that under the engine rated condition, the solution to fully recover the engine coolant energy can achieve a higher power generation performance than that of the conventional engine ORC system. The results suggest that adding a recuperator to the ORC system can potentially improve the system performance when the working fluids are dry and the overall dumped heat demand of the system can be reduced by 12% under optimal conditions. When the ORC evaporating and condensing temperature are respectively set at 85°C and 30°C, the integrated engine waste heat recovery system can improve the overall system efficiency by 9.3% with R600, R600a or -Pentane as the working fluid.

关键词： organic Rankine cycle scroll expander coolant and exhaust recovery internal combustion engine

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加密货币是否会破坏能源存储

Mitch Leslie

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第5期页码 489-490 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.011

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Correlativity study between expression of DNA double-strand break repair protein and radiosensitivity

Liang ZHUANG, Shiying YU, Xiaoyuan HUANG, Yang CAO, Huihua XIONG

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 26-29 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0008-7

摘要： DNA double-strand break (DSB) is generally regarded as the most lethal of all DNA lesions after radiation. Ku80, DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) proteins are major DSB repair proteins. In this study, survival fraction at 2Gy (SF2) values of eight human tumor cell lines (including four human cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa, SiHa, C33A, Caski, three human breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, and one human lung carcinoma cell line A549) were acquired by clone formation assay, and western blot was applied to detect the expressions of Ku80, DNA-PKcs and ATM protein. The correlativity of protein expression with SF2 value was analyzed by Pearson linear correlation analysis. We found that the expression of same protein in different cell lines and the expression of three proteins in the same cell line had a significant difference. The SF2 values were also different in eight tumor cell lines and there was a positive correlativity between the expression of DNA-PKcs and SF2 ( ＝0.723, = 0.043), but Ku80 and ATM expression had no correlation with SF2 ( >0.05). These findings suggest that the expression level of DNA-PKcs protein can be an indicator for predicting the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.

关键词： Ku80 DNA-PK(cs)-binding protein human ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein tumor cell lines radiosensitivity

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Panoramic variation analysis of a family with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by biallelic loss-of-function

《医学前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-1006-x

摘要： Highly clinical and genetic heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders presents a major challenge in clinical genetics and medicine. Panoramic variation analysis is imperative to analyze the disease phenotypes resulting from multilocus genomic variation. Here, a Pakistani family with parental consanguinity was presented, characterized with severe intellectual disability (ID), spastic paraplegia, and deafness. Homozygosity mapping, integrated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, whole-exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing were performed, and homozygous variants in TMEM141 (c.270G>A, p.Trp90*), DDHD2 (c.411+767_c.1249-327del), and LHFPL5 (c.250delC, p.Leu84*) were identified. A Tmem141^{p.Trp90*/p.Trp90*} mouse model was generated. Behavioral studies showed impairments in learning ability and motor coordination. Brain slice electrophysiology and Golgi staining demonstrated deficient synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and abnormal dendritic branching in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, studies on a human in vitro neuronal model (SH-SY5Y cells) with stable shRNA-mediated knockdown of TMEM141 showed deleterious effect on bioenergetic function, possibly explaining the pathogenesis of replicated phenotypes in the cross-species mouse model. Conclusively, panoramic variation analysis revealed that multilocus genomic variations of TMEM141, DDHD2, and LHFPL5 together caused variable phenotypes in patient. Notably, the biallelic loss-of-function variants of TMEM141 were responsible for syndromic ID.

关键词： neurodevelopmental disorder autosomal recessive intellectual disability consanguinity spastic paraplegia hearing loss TMEM141

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Genetic Study Identifies CBLN4 as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for Accident Proneness

Shu-lin Zhang,Hui-qing Jin,Yang Song,Wan-sheng Yu,Liang-dan Sun

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第1期页码 30-38 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016008

摘要： Frequent traffic accidents constitute a major danger to human beings. The accident-prone driver who has the stable physiological, psychological, and behavioral characteristics is one of the most prominent causes of traffic accidents. The internal link between the individual characteristics and the accident proneness has been a difficult point in the accident prevention research. The authors selected accident-prone drivers as cases and safe drivers as controls (case-control group) from 18,360 drivers who were enrolled from three public transportation incorporations of China using area stratified sampling method. The case-control groups were 1:1 matched. The authors performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) by 179 cases and 179 controls using the U.S. Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human Mapping SNP 6.0 Array. The authors observed that the gene frequencies of 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three regions of cases were higher than those in the control ( <10 ). The authors then tested two independent replication sets for strong association 6 SNPs in 349 pairs of case-control drivers using the U.S. ABI 3730 sequencing method. The results indicated that SNP rs6069499 within linked CBLN4 gene are strongly associated with accident proneness ( =6.37×10 ). According to CBLN4 gene mainly involved in adrenal development and the regulation of secretion, the authors performed 12 biochemical parameters of the blood using radioimmunoassay. The levels of dopamine (DA) and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone showed significant differences between accident-prone drivers and safe drivers ( =0.03, =0.01). It is suggested that the accident-prone drivers may have the idiosyncrasy of susceptibility.

关键词： accident proneness genome-wide association study (GWAS) dopamine (DA) ACTH susceptibility gene traffic accident epidemiology accident prevention traffic safety three-dimensional model

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Power fluctuation and power loss of wind turbines due to wind shear and tower shadow

Binrong WEN, Sha WEI, Kexiang WEI, Wenxian YANG, Zhike PENG, Fulei CHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 321-332 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0434-1

摘要：

The magnitude and stability of power output are two key indices of wind turbines. This study investigates the effects of wind shear and tower shadow on power output in terms of power fluctuation and power loss to estimate the capacity and quality of the power generated by a wind turbine. First, wind speed models, particularly the wind shear model and the tower shadow model, are described in detail. The widely accepted tower shadow model is modified in view of the cone-shaped towers of modern large-scale wind turbines. Power fluctuation and power loss due to wind shear and tower shadow are analyzed by performing theoretical calculations and case analysis within the framework of a modified version of blade element momentum theory. Results indicate that power fluctuation is mainly caused by tower shadow, whereas power loss is primarily induced by wind shear. Under steady wind conditions, power loss can be divided into wind farm loss and rotor loss. Wind farm loss is constant at 3α(3α−1)R²/(8H²). By contrast, rotor loss is strongly influenced by the wind turbine control strategies and wind speed. That is, when the wind speed is measured in a region where a variable-speed controller works, the rotor loss stabilizes around zero, but when the wind speed is measured in a region where the blade pitch controller works, the rotor loss increases as the wind speed intensifies. The results of this study can serve as a reference for accurate power estimation and strategy development to mitigate the fluctuations in aerodynamic loads and power output due to wind shear and tower shadow.

关键词： wind turbine wind shear tower shadow power fluctuation power loss

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Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

YANG Yanmei, ZHANG Xiangfeng, YANG Zhifeng, XI Beidou, LIU Hongliang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第2期页码 251-256 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0042-8

摘要： Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost.

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标题作者时间类型操作

An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

期刊论文

Experimental study of critical flow of water at supercritical pressure

Yuzhou CHEN, Chunsheng YANG, Shuming ZHANG, Minfu ZHAO, Kaiwen DU, Xu CHENG

期刊论文

Oxidation performance of graphite material in reactors

LUO Xiaowei, YU Xinli, YU Suyuan

期刊论文

Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project